{"id":1263,"date":"2016-12-22T15:56:53","date_gmt":"2016-12-22T19:56:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.papaworx.com\/Book\/?page_id=1263"},"modified":"2016-12-22T15:56:53","modified_gmt":"2016-12-22T19:56:53","slug":"4-3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.stuehlingen.online\/Book\/?page_id=1263","title":{"rendered":"4-3"},"content":{"rendered":"

The concomitant narrowing of occupational choices led inevitably to a progressive professional specialization. The only occupations left to the majority of Jews were peddling, trading in animals and grain, moneylending, and pawnbroking. In analogy to biological evolution, excessive specialization can make a population highly vulnerable to environmental changes. The economic, occupational, and social marginalization of the Jews was anchored by the Catholic Church in canons 67\u201370 of the Fourth Lateran Council (AD 1215).17<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Initially, the emperors\u2019 offer of protection may have been generous in intent, but it quickly degenerated into a scheme to extract more and more protection taxes from the Jews, to the point where the emperors virtually owned the Jews (Kammerknechtschaft).18<\/a><\/span><\/span> As the logistics of collecting the protection tax across the empire gradually became too cumbersome, the emperors simply subcontracted the taxation of Jews to local rulers.19<\/a><\/span><\/span> The system of Schutz- und Satzbrief (letters of protection and obligations) established itself firmly.20<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Of the Jews who diffused from the cities into the country, some found their way into the region east of the Black Forest. The earliest Jewish traces were actually found in Tiengen, some twenty-two kilometres southwest of St\u00fchlingen; in 1454 a deeply indebted knight, Willhelm of Heudorf, borrowed money from two Jews in Tiengen. His tenant farmers from the little village of Aichen in the Black Forest acted as warrantors. However, the loan default in 1488 created a great uproar.21<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Despite the fact that some Jewish inhabitants helped to defend Tiengen against a a group of Swiss soldiery in 1499,22<\/a><\/span><\/span> the citizens of Tiengen appealed to their lord, Count Johann of Sulz, to evict the five resident Jewish families from the town in 1544. Instead, the count granted the Jews a letter of protection in 1546.23<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

17<\/a><\/span>Halsall, \u201cMedieval Sourcebook.\u201d<\/p>\n

18<\/a><\/span>Willoweit, \u201cVerfassungsgeschichtliche Aspekte,\u201d<\/p>\n

19<\/a><\/span>Battenberg, \u201cVon der Kammerknechtschaft zum Judenregal,\u201d 70.<\/p>\n

20<\/a><\/span>Rauscher and Staudinger, \u201cWiderspenstige Kammerknechte,\u201d 313 \u2013 363; Kerler, \u201cZur Geschichte der Besteuerung.\u201d<\/p>\n

21<\/a><\/span>Petri, “Die Tiengener Juden,” 106 – 129.<\/p>\n

22<\/a><\/span>Kayserling, \u201cEin j\u00fcdischer Sch\u00fctze.\u201d<\/p>\n

23<\/a><\/span>Petri, “”Die Tiengener Juden,\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The concomitant narrowing of occupational choices led inevitably to a progressive professional specialization. The only occupations left to the majority of Jews were peddling, trading in animals and grain, moneylending, and pawnbroking. In analogy to biological evolution, excessive specialization can make a population highly vulnerable to environmental changes. The economic, occupational, and social marginalization of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"parent":1244,"menu_order":53,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"new_page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stuehlingen.online\/Book\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1263"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stuehlingen.online\/Book\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stuehlingen.online\/Book\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stuehlingen.online\/Book\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stuehlingen.online\/Book\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1263"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.stuehlingen.online\/Book\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1263\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stuehlingen.online\/Book\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1244"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stuehlingen.online\/Book\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1263"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}